• Cognitive architectures and generative learning models emphasize internal representations, transfer, and the integration of cognitive development, information processing, and education through declarative/procedural knowledge. [1], [2], [3], [4], [16].

• Cognition-driven problem solving highlights schemas, domain knowledge, and cognitive load as central determinants of learning from novices to experts, with knowledge structure guiding transfer and efficiency. [7], [11], [9], [10], [18].

• Social-cognitive mechanisms shape learning via modeling, self-efficacy, proximal motivation, and attributions, influencing persistence, affect, and achievement across tasks. [6], [17], [8], [15], [13].

• Instructional design and learning environments are framed by cognitive theory and behavior/structural/perceptual models, guiding science education and systemic development of learning abilities. [16], [5], [20].